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As               their               fathers,               husbands,               brothers               and               sons               marched               off               to               join               the               Great               War,               the               women               of               the               world               stepped               up               to               take               their               places               in               agriculture,               industry,               and               in               running               their               cities               and               towns.

It               had               always               been               so               when               war               came,               but               the               sheer               number               of               men               serving               in               this               war               was               unparalleled               in               history.

And               the               unfolding               tragedy               would               take               its               toll               on               an               entire               generation               of               women.

Before               the               war               began,               husbands,               brothers               and               fathers               worked               the               fields,               labored               in               factories,               or               staffed               the               offices               of               accounting               firms,               banks,               and               numerous               other               enterprises.

Women               kept               house,               tended               small               vegetable               gardens,               and               raised               children.

But               all               that               changed               when               a               total               of               65.5               million               men               marched               off               to               war.

These               men               were               no               longer               at               home               to               milk               the               cows               or               plant               the               fields.

Factories               and               offices               emptied.

There               were               fewer               men               to               drive               the               trucks               and               trains,               or               to               manufacture               goods               or               even               desperately               needed               war               materials.
               The               role               of               women               before               the               beginning               of               the               war               was               primarily               confined               to               their               duties               in               the               home,               in               their               churches,               and               in               schools.

A               few               worked               as               seamstresses               or               waitresses,               but               by               and               large               work               outside               the               home               was               considered               inappropriate               and               opportunities               for               women               were               limited.

But               as               more               and               more               men               went               off               to               war               it               became               obvious               that               women               needed               to               fill               those               empty               positions.
               Women               took               over               every               job               they               could               manage.

By               1916,               there               were               more               than               100,000               women               clerks               in               England.

Another               750,000               British               women               held               men's               jobs               and               another               350,000               worked               in               specialized               jobs               created               by               the               war.

A               specially               created               "Land               Army"               attracted               nearly               a               quarter               of               a               million               women               into               agricultural               work               by               the               end               of               the               war.
               In               France               there               were               more               than               400,000               female               munitions               makers               and               over               700               women               clerks               worked               at               the               Bank               of               France               in               Paris.

Women               found               employment               as               railway               workers               and               miners,               factory               workers               and               prison               guards,               and               in               every               imaginable               job               they               could               manage.

Many               took               over               and               ran               their               family               farms               and               businesses.

Millions               of               others               volunteered               as               nurses,               cooks               and               many               others               served               as               auxiliary               members               of               their               nation's               armed               forces,               freeing               men               for               battle               duties.

And               the               women               knew               as               they               did               so               that               many               of               the               men               they               replaced               would               never               return.
               The               press               made               much               of               the               fact               that               women               were               stepping               into               traditional               male               jobs.

But               the               unfolding               tragedy               of               the               gallant               women               of               World               War               I               was               largely               ignored               as               newspapers               focused               on               the               war               itself               and               the               men               who               fought               it.
               By               the               end               of               World               War               I,               a               total               of               nearly               65.5               million               men               were               involved               in               combat.

Of               those,               more               than               12.5               million               were               killed               and               nearly               22               were               wounded.

Civilian               deaths               were               estimated               at               nearly               four               million,               with               countless               others               injured.

Added               to               that               number               were               the               nearly               50               million               people               who               died               during               the               Spanish               flu               outbreak               of               1918.
               In               France,               there               were               more               than               630,000               war               widows               by               November               1918,               and               even               more               in               Germany.

And               while               a               wife               with               two               or               more               children               enjoyed               generous               state               support,               if               her               husband               lost               his               life,               the               support               ended               and               she               was               forced               to               try               to               make               do               with               a               meager               pension.

The               loss               of               their               husbands               drove               women               into               factories               by               the               thousands.

Most               lacked               training               of               any               sort               and               were               forced               into               menial,               low-paying               work               just               to               survive.

Others               turned               to               prostitution               in               order               to               support               their               families.
               The               end               of               the               war               saw               millions               of               widows,               and               many               unmarried               women               were               left               without               the               prospect               of               finding               husbands.

During               the               early               years               of               the               20th               century,               a               woman's               identity               was               generally               tied               to               that               of               her               husband,               and               for               these               women,               the               prospect               of               living               out               their               lives               as               spinsters,               with               its               accompanying               low               status,               was               a               very               real               possibility.

And               more               than               ten               million               mothers               grieved               the               loss               of               their               sons.
               The               tragedy               did               not               end               there.

Many               of               the               men               who               survived               returned               home               as               invalids.

Victims               of               mustard               gas               attacks               that               permanently               damaged               their               lungs,               amputees,               and               others               with               terrible               and               often               disfiguring               injuries               returned               home               to               be               cared               for               by               wives,               mothers               and               sisters,               many               of               whom               were               forced               to               work               full               time               jobs               in               addition               to               their               nursing               and               home               duties.


               These               women               proved               their               extraordinary               strength               time               and               time               again,               both               during               and               after               the               war.

They               survived,               raised               their               families,               and               worked               hard               to               overcome               the               turmoil               that               the               war               had               brought               into               their               lives.

The               war               had               tested               them               and               changed               their               lives               forever.

And               even               though               for               some               there               came               a               new               respect               for               their               strength               and               courage,               the               First               World               War               proved               to               be               a               woman's               tragedy.
               Selected               Sources:
               American               Women               in               World               War               I,               Lettie               Gavin,               1997,               The               University               Press               of               Colorado,               Niwot,               CO               
               An               Illustrated               History               of               the               First               World               War,               John               Keegan,               2001,               Alfred               A.

Knopf               Co.,               New               York,               NY               
               World               War               I,               H.

P.

Willmott,               2003,               Dorling               Kindersley               Ltd.,               London,               England






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