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About 'grand mesa university'|Tournament Time…NCAA makes a trip to Mesa







About 'grand mesa university'|Tournament Time…NCAA makes a trip to Mesa








The               figure               of               Kokopelli               adorns               earrings,               necklaces,               bracelets,               and               other               modes               of               fashion               these               days.

However,               before               the               16th               century,               he               graced               cave               walls,               cliffs,               and               ceramics.

Few               people               outside               the               Pueblo               cultures               know               much               about               the               mythical               figure               other               than               his               value               as               a               decoration.

Even               fewer               know               his               origins.

Among               the               Southwestern               Pueblos,               Kokopelli               (which               is               a               name               derived               from               Hopi-Zuni               origins)               has               been               revered               as               a               powerful               kachina,               or               god,               for               generations.

He               has               had               the               title               of               Rain               God,               Fertility               God,               and               Hunting               God               bestowed               upon               him               throughout               the               ages.

He               has               been               depicted               with               various               qualities               which               will               be               described               in               detail               further;               among               them               being               a               distinct               hump               on               his               back.

He               is               as               legendary               a               figure               among               the               Pueblos               as               Christ               is               among               the               Christians,               and               just               as               revered.

Yet,               few               outside               the               Four-Corners               region               know               anything               about               this               versatile               deity.

The               question               remains,               where               did               Kokopelli               originate?

Why               is               he               so               important               to               the               Pueblos?

In               this               paper,               I               will               examine               the               various               opinions               and               theories               in               an               attempt               to               answer               these               questions.

Kokopelli               is               one               of               the               few               Native               American               deities               to               have               survived               since               ancient               times.

His               image               in               rock               art               has               spanned               over               a               thousand               years,               from               the               earliest               flute               players               dated               at               500               B.C.

up               to               the               time               of               the               Spanish.

Rock               art               depictions               are               most               numerous               in               the               Chaco               Canyon-Canyon               de               Chelly               area,               in               drainages               of               the               Rio               Grande,               San               Juan,               and               Colorado               rivers.1               The               appearances               of               Kokopelli               occur               mostly               within               the               Anasazi,               Mogollon,               Fremont,               and               Hohokam               traditions.

He               also               appears               with               less               frequency               in               the               Mississippian               cultures               and               as               a               humpbacked               woman               rather               than               as               a               male.

The               earliest               evidence               of               a               Kokopelli-type               figure               occurs               in               the               Basket               Maker               III               tradition               of               the               Anasazi.

Prior               to               500               A.D.,               they               occur               as               flute               players               without               a               hump               or               phallus.2               However,               after               A.D.

1000,               they               are               present               with               hump               and               phallus               in               Anasazi               rock               art,               pottery,               and               wall               paintings.

They               also               appear               on               ceramics               of               the               Mimbres               in               southern               New               Mexico               around               A.D.

1000               to               A.D.

1150               and               on               Hohokam               pottery               by               A.D.

750               to               A.D.

850.3               Most               rock               art               sites               are               sacred               to               Native               Americans               today,               just               as               they               were               in               ancient               times.

The               art               can               be               found               in               places               that               were               used               for               a               variety               of               purposes.

The               Mogollon               culture               consists               of               two               branches,               the               Jornada               and               the               Mimbres.

Within               these               two               branches,               "depictions               of               humpbacked,               and               sometimes               phallic               figures               are               found               in               rock               art               and               ceramics,               but               none               is               playing               the               flute."               4               Such               types               of               figures               resemble               the               Kokopelli               figure,               and               thus,               are               likely               related               images.

Another               feature               of               Kokopelli               is               the               inclusion,               or               replacement               of               the               flute               by               a               staff.

Sometimes               the               staff               has               a               crook,               which               could               represent               a               ceremonial               object.5               In               southeastern               Utah;               rock               art               of               the               Anasazi               portrays               crooks               in               association               with               copulating               couples.

It               is               possible               the               crooked               staff               may               be               a               planting               stick,               which               connotes               a               fertility               aspect               with               will               be               discussed               later.6
               Kokopelli               may               have               had               his               origins               in               Meso-America.

Many               experts               believe               the               deity               originated               among               the               Aztecs               or               Mayans.

According               to               Miller,               Ed               Chuah,               a               prehistoric               Mayan               deity,               may               actually               be               ancestral               Kokopelli.

He               "wears               a               backpack,               carries               a               staff,               and               is               patron               of               hunters,               traveling               merchants,               and               beekeepers."7               Grant               and               Parsons               assert               the               appearance               of               traders               from               Meso-America               as               possible               origins               for               Kokopelli.

As               noted               in               Lister               &               Lister,               ancient               pathways               extending               from               Chaco               Canyon               weave               an               intricate               web               of               commerce               between               the               numerous               cities               of               the               Southwest.

Those               ancient               pathways               are               still               visible               from               the               air               today.

Most               sites               of               this               sort               are               located               at               La               Cieneguilla,               where               Kokopelli               is               shown               with               a               large               macaw               perched               on               a               hoop.8               Macaws               can               be               identified               in               petroglyphs               in               West               Mesa,               Albuquerque,               and               Galisteo               Basin               sites,               Cahco               Canyon,               and               north               of               Espanola,               New               Mexico.

Today               in               the               Andes               of               South               America,               medicine               men               travel               from               village               to               village               with               a               flute               and               sack               of               corn.9               Traders               from               South               America               were               observed               by               the               newly               arrived               Spaniards,               and               called               pochtecas.

These               traders               were               from               an               Aztec               merchant               guild               and               power               base               that               operated               at               Casas               Grandes               and               often               carried               large,               over-loaded               backpacks               which               would               resemble               a               hump               or               hunchback               when               seen               in               rock               art.10               (See               figure               3)               Also,               the               Meso-American               god-Quetzacoatl,               Moctezuma,               and               Xochiquetzal               included               men               with               deformed               backs               (humpbacks)               in               their               courts               and               entourages               in               order               to               provide               religious               consultation               and               entertainment.

They               were               also               favored               as               sacrificial               subjects.11               They               appear               in               the               architecture,               sculpture               and               ceramic               art               of               ancient               Mesoamerica               as               persons               of               apparent               social               status.

Linda               Lay               Shuler,               author               of               She               Who               Remembers               depicts               Kokopelli               among               the               Anasazi               as               a               trader               of               Toltec               origins,               an               expert               flute               player,               and               consummate               lover.

He               is               written               as               a               human               with               special               powers.

She               writes,               "Kokopelli               comes!

He               of               the               singing               reed,               he               of               the               sacred               seed,               comes               to               assure               the               fertility               and               good               fortune               of               our               people"               12               In               this               way,               he               is               portrayed               as               a               trader/fertility               man-god.

Certain               similarities               exist               between               Pueblo               and               South               American               ceremonies               that               bear               attention               as               another               reason               for               Kokopelli's               South               American/Mesoamerican               origins.

Aztec               and               Pueblo               cultures               both               are               known               to               have               impersonated               gods.

Sometimes,               the               shaman               or               medicine               men               impersonated               a               god               for               one               year.

Pueblos               almost               always               used               masks,               yet               Aztecs               almost               never               used               masks.

However,               speculation               arises               that               the               Pueblos               may               have               acquired               mask               usage               from               the               Spanish.

Both               cultures               impersonated               war               gods,               clowns,               or               kachina               rain               spirits.

The               mask               of               the               kachina               rain               god               is               most               prominent               in               both               cultures.

In               certain               ceremonies,               Pueblo               Indians               continue               this               tradition.

It               was               also               believed               by               various               Pueblo               societies               that               a               heavy               thunderstorm               after               a               person's               death               indicated               that               person               had               become               a               kachina,               or               god.13
               The               fact               that               Kokopelli               is               depicted               so               often               as               having               a               hump               and               erect               phallus               has               led               some               scientists               to               believe               that               he               suffered               some               kind               of               physical               deformity.

G.B.

Webb,               after               analyzing               several               petroglyphs               and               pictographs               asserts               beyond               a               doubt               that               Kokopelli               suffered               from               Pott's               disease.14               Pott's               disease               is               a               form               of               tuberculosis,               which               causes               a               disfigurement               of               the               spine               (kyphosis),               a               permanently               erect               phallus,               and               sometimes               club-foot.

(See               figure               __,               Slifer               and               Duffield)               this               kind               of               evidence               is               hard               to               ignore,               and               could               account               for               the               hump               and               phallus               that               occur               on               Kokopelli               figures               after               A.D.

1000.

This               could               mean               that               Kokopelli               then               evolved               from               a               flute-playing               trader               from               Mesoamerica               to               a               disfigured,               yet               virile               man               who               traveled               among               the               Pueblos.

Because               the               ancient               people               of               the               Pueblos               did               not               understand               what               Pott's               disease               is,               they               could               have               possibly               seen               the               disfigurement               as               a               sort               of               consequence               or               price               this               person               had               to               pay               in               order               to               be               gifted               with               a               permanent               erection.

Also,               According               to               Associate               Professor               Todd               Smith               of               the               History               Department               of               University               of               North               Texas,               the               historic               Comanche               chief               known               to               the               white               people               as               Buffalo               Hump,               was               actually               known               among               his               people               as               Pochaquarship.

This               Comanche               name               means,               Erection-That-Won't-Go-Down.

He               is               said               to               have               had               a               large               hump               between               his               shoulders,               which               resembled               a               buffalo's               hump,               hence               his               Anglo-given               name.

It               is               interesting               to               speculate               the               possibility               that               Pott's               disease               may               have               afflicted               both               Buffalo               Hump               and               Kokopelli.

After               having               applied               stringent               criteria               in               identifying               Pott's               disease,               he               discarded               11               or               the               15               American               cases               of               alleged               prehistoric               tuberculosis               known               by               1960.

The               evidence               of               Pott's               disease               is               rather               superficial,               and               it               is               doubtful               that               a               person               suffering               from               an               untreated               form               of               tuberculosis               could               travel               to               such               an               extent               as               he               is               believed               to               have               done.

The               act               of               pursuing               young               maidens               would               have               been               an               enormous               feat               of               prowess               for               the               victim               of               such               a               disease.15
               If               not               Pott's               disease,               what               then               produced               the               hump               on               Kokopelli's               back?

An               excerpt               from               a               modern               Hopi               story,               entitled,               "The               Man-Crazed               Woman,"               sheds               some               light               on               this:
               One               day               the               man,               who               had               been               abused               by               his               wife,               was               again               sitting               by               the               mesa               fraught               with               worries.

As               he               sat               there               he               kept               thinking,               "If               I               jump               off               here,               I               won't               have               to               go               home               and               suffer               her               mistreatment               any               more."               He               flung               himself               down.

The               cliff               at               this               place               was               rather               high,               and               it               took               a               while               until               he               struck               the               ground.

Quite               a               bit               of               time               passed               until               the               man               got               well               again.

He               had               recovered               to               the               point               where               he               felt               no               pain               any               longer.
               However,               since               he               had               badly               injured               his               back,               he               had               a               hump               now.16               Another               tale               of               the               Hopi,               called               "The               Long               Kwasi               of               Kookopolo,"               tells               of               a               boy               infatuated               with               a               beautiful               girl.

He               is               quite               ugly               and               slow,               with               little               physical               ability,               yet               he               has               a               long               phallus               (kwasi).

He               devises               an               ingenious               way               to               copulate               with               the               girl               without               her               being               aware               of               it.
               He               dug               a               ditch               from               his               house               all               the               way               to               the               dump.

Have               completed               the               excavation               in               the               course               of               just               one               night,               he               installed               a               reed               which               reached               exactly               to               the               spot               where               the               girl               came               to               defecate.

The               he               covered               up               the               reed               with               earth               and               carefully               removed               all               traces               of               his               activity...Then               it               became               daylight...when               the               girl               had               disappeared               and               gone               down               the               mesa               side,               he               pulled               out               his               erect               kwasi,               and               began               inserting               it               into               the               reed.

It               was               so               long               that               it               reach               all               the               way               to               the               end               of               the               reed.17
               Both               stories               depict               Kokopelli               as               being               extremely               virile,               in               spite               of               some               physical               weakness.
               Kokopelli               has               long               been               considered               a               great               god               of               fertility,               which               is               obvious               in               the               stories               and               artistic               renderings               of               the               Pueblo               Indians.

At               the               Tenabo               (Tompiro/Pueblo               IV)               ruin               near               the               Rio               Grand               river,               Slifer               and               Duffield               observed               a               petroglyph               panel               of               a               flute               player               "walking               in               a               procession               with               a               drum-major               type               personage,               a               second               humpbacked               figure,               and               another               who               appears               to               be               bearing               a               large,               seed-like               object."18               Among               modern-day               Zunis               and               Hopis,               Kokopelli               is               said               to               carry               seeds,               babies,               and               blankets               in               his               hump               to               give               to               the               young               maidens               he               seduces.19               This               would               explain               the               presence               of               his               hump,               which               would               have               clear               fertility               connotations               along               with               the               erect               phallus.

The               flute               is               also               considered               to               be               a               fertility               element,               as               it               is               used               in               courtship               ceremonies,               rain               ceremonies,               and               planting               ceremonies.

Evidently,               the               flute               had               a               special               role               in               Anasazi               culture;               flutes               made               of               bone               and               wood               have               been               found               among               their               artifacts.20               Kokopelli               is               sometimes               interpreted               as               a               rain               priest               who               calls               the               clouds               with               his               flute.
               It               is               said               that               when               sun-loving               snakes               appear               to               him,               he               plays               his               flute               and               it               melts               the               snow               and               warms               up               the               earth.

This               could               be               why               he               is               often               depicted               with               snakes               in               rock               art               scenes.

At               Hopi,               flute               societies               play               their               flutes               over               springs               in               prayer               for               rain.

Gourds               are               sometimes               attached               to               the               ends               of               the               flutes.21               This               tradition               has               spanned               millennia,               will               be               discussed               further.

The               Zuni               believe               that               Depicting               Kokopelli               in               association               with               moisture-loving               creatures,               such               as               lizards               and               insects,               helps               their               prayers               in               attracting               rain.22               Kokopelli               is               also               associated               with               the               locust,               and               was               often               rendered               in               insect-like               form               among               the               ancient               Pueblos.

The               locust,               in               the               Hopi               creation               myth,               was               sent               up               from               the               dark               underworld               to               explore               the               earth.
               The               clouds               shot               many               bolts               of               lightning               through               Locust,               but               he               continued               to               play               his               flute               and               was               unharmed.23               The               locust               and               the               grey               desert               robber               fly               are               believed               by               the               Pueblos               to               be               notorious               for               the               ability               to               reproduce.

This               would               explain               the               various               antennae               and               extra               appendages               seen               on               certain               rock               art               sites               depicting               Kokopelli.24               Another               fertility               aspect               of               Kokopelli's               origins               is               the               Cloud               Blower.

Near               the               village               of               La               Cienega,               New               Mexico,               several               flute               player               portrayals               can               be               found.

A               line               of               Kokopellis               is               depicted               in               what               is               probably               a               ritual               dance.

Another               is               shown               seemingly               blowing               a               flute               at               a               cloud               terrace.

The               actual               cloud               blower               instrument               is               a               small               horn-shaped               object.

Native               tobacco               smoke               was               blown               through               it               in               an               attempt               to               attract               rain               clouds               to               the               area.25               Southwest               of               Santa               Fe,               at               a               Tonque               Arroyo               site               (Pueblo               IV),               there               are               several               petroglyphs               showing               flute               players               seated               on               cloud               terraces.26               Near               La               Cienega,               again,               another               panel               depicts               an               animated               figure               who               holds               his               flute               at               an               unusually               high               angle.

Patterson-Rudolph               believes               this               particular               flute               player               is               the               Tewa               Water               Jar               Boy               myth               and               that               the               myth               as               a               whole               is               depicted               on               the               panel.27               (See               Figure               4)               In               this               myth,               a               young               virginal               maiden               is               impregnated               by               a               spirit               while               mixing               clay               for               a               pot               with               her               feet.

She               then               bears               a               child,               which               resembles               a               jar,               which               actually               contains               a               young               boy.

During               a               hunting               trip               with               his               grandfather,               the               young               boy               in               the               jar               hits               a               rock,               shattering               his               shell.

He               then               goes               on               a               quest               to               seek               his               father               and               finds               him               at               a               sacred               spring.

At               the               spring               he               meets               a               man               who               asks               the               boy:
               "Where               are               you               going?"               said               the               man
               "Well,               my               father               is               living               here."
               "Who               is               your               father?"               said               the               man               again.
               "Well,               I               think               you               are               my               father,"               said               the               boy.
               "How               do               you               know               I               am               your               father?"               said               the               man
               "Well,               I               know               you               are               my               father."               Then               the               man               looked               at               him,               to               scare               him.
               The               boy               kept               saying,               "You               are               my               father."               Pretty               soon               the               man               said,               "Yes,               I               am               your               father.
               I               came               out               of               the               spring               to               meet               you,"               and               he               put               his               arm               around               the               boy's               neck.

His               father               was               very               glad               his               boy               had               come,               and               he               took               him               down               inside               of               the               spring.

A               lot               of               people               were               living               down               inside               of               the               spring,               women               and               girls.
               After               the               boy               leaves               the               spring,               his               mother               gets               sick               and               dies.

He               then               decides               to               leave               the               village               and               go               to               live               with               his               father,               where               he               finds               his               mother               alive               and               living               in               the               spring.

The               panel               of               figure               4               does               not               seem               to               resemble               the               story,               but               taken               in               a               symbolic               context,               the               story               unfolds               quite               nicely.28               The               father               figure               in               this               story               is               shown               on               the               panel               as               having               a               hump               and               erect               phallus,               signifying               his               fertility               and               his               ability               to               impregnate               young               girls               supernaturally.

In               this               way,               Kokopelli               is               reminiscent               of               God,               impregnating               the               Virgin               Mary,               and               Water               Jar               Boy               is               the               special,               sacred               son               whom               he               has               begotten.
               In               the               Tewa               village               of               Hano,               on               the               Hopi               reservation               of               Arizona,               Kokopelli               is               seen               in               rock               art               as               being               a               large               black               man               who               carries               a               buckskin               bag.

He               known               not               as               Kokopelli,               but               as               Nepokwa'i.29               In               the               American               Indian               Almanac,               John               Upton               Terrell               goes               into               great               detail               about               a               black               Moorish               slave               named               Esteban.

He               tells               of               four               strange               men,               naked               but               for               loincloths,               who               crossed               into               the               valley               of               the               Rio               Grande               from               the               east               accompanied               by               a               group               of               Indians.

One               of               these               men               was               the               leader,               Alvar               Nunez               Cabeza               de               Vaca.

Another               was               quite               startling               in               appearance.

He               was               the               color               of               ebony,               and               he               towered               over               the               other               three               men.

He               "had               a               great               head               of               kinky               black               hair               adorned               with               bright               feathers.

His               powerful               muscles               rippled,               his               white               teeth               gleamed,               and               he               strode               in               a               regal               manner."30               The               year               was               1536,               and               these               four               men               were               the               only               survivors               of               the               Narvaez               expedition,               which               had               wrecked               on               the               Texas               coast               seven               years               before.

Upon               arriving               at               Mexico               City,               Esteban               the               Black               was               assigned               to               accompany               a               monk,               Fray               Marcos               de               Niza               into               the               northern               territories               of               the               American               Southwest.
               Although               he               was               commanded               to               obey               Fray               Marcos,               he               refused,               and               became               a               shaman               of               sorts,               as               Cabeza               de               Vaca               had,               among               the               natives.

He               was               the               man               the               natives               already               knew,               and               he               realized               he               would               carry               much               more               power               than               Fray               Marcos               could.

In               fact,               Fray               Marcos               was               completely               dependent               on               Esteban               for               his               survival.

The               Moor               had               acquired               a               gourd               rattle               from               Indians               in               Texas.

He               used               this               to               signify               his               power               as               a               god               among               strange               villages.

He               did               this               as               Cabeza               de               Vaca               had               before               him,               and               had               much               success.

On               the               trail               to               the               north,               Esteban               "acquired               a               harem,               Indian               girls               he               found               especially               pleasing,               and               they               straggled               along               in               his               wake,               much               to               the               consternation               and               disapproval               of               Fray               Marcos."31               So               large               did               his               entourage               of               followers               become,               the               monk               sent               him               ahead               with               orders               to               send               back               crosses               of               varying               size               depending               on               the               importance               of               the               discovery.

Esteban's               entourage               followed               him               to               the               Zuni               pueblo               at               Hawikuh.

Following               his               custom,               he               sent               the               sacred               gourd               ahead               with               Indian               emissaries               to               inform               the               Zunis               that               he               was               approaching.

He               had               decorated               the               gourd               with               bells,               and               two               feathers.

The               headman               who               received               it               examined               it               briefly,               then               hurled               it               to               the               ground               in               anger.

Nonplussed,               Esteban               continued,               and               met               with               the               headman.

He               was               taken               prisoner               and               questioned               as               to               why               he               had               come               to               their               country.

Esteban               explained               that               a               group               of               white               men               were               following,               who               had               been               sent               by               a               great               lord,               who               "knew               about               things               in               the               sky,               and               how               these               were               coming               to               instruct               them               in               divine               matters."32               The               headman               had               Esteban               killed               and               hacked               to               pieces               to               prove               he               was               not               a               god.

He               did               this               because               it               seemed               unreasonable               to               say               that               the               people               were               white               in               the               country               from               which               he               came,               yet               he               was               black.

All               of               his               possessions               were               distributed               among               the               pueblos,               except               for               the               sacred               gourd,               which               was               thrown               away.33               Young               asserts               that               Esteban               the               Black               may               have               been               viewed               as               the               sacred               god               Nepokwa'i               or               Kokopelli               incarnated               in               human               form               by               some,               which               would               explain               the               unusual               black               renderings.
               Kokopelli               is               often               used               as               a               clan               identification,               according               to               Fewkes.

He               states               that               migration               accounts               of               the               Hopi/Tewa               indicate               that               the               Kokopelli               kachina               was               introduced               by               the               Asa               Clan,               which               wandered               from               the               upper               Rio               Grande               to               Zuni,               settling               in               Hopi               at               the               end               of               the               17th               century.34               However,               research               indicates               that               the               Hopi               kachina               appeared               much               earlier               than               this.

The               Asa               Clan               had               lived               for               a               time               in               Canyon               de               Chelly,               a               site               of               numerous               rock               art               images               of               Kokopelli.

He               is               said               to               have               been               an               ancient               leader               who               had               brought               the               people               of               the               Asa               Clan               from               their               home               to               Zuni.

Grant               asserts               that               Kokopelli               represents               the               Flute               Clan.

He               also               states               that               Kokopelli               may               have               been               a               leader               in               ancient               times.

According               to               a               Hop               source:
               "Flute               player               is               clan               symbol.

Hunchback               is               a               main               leader               in               early               times.

Kokopelli               was               a               regular               man               who               did               lots               of               good               things               and               when               he               died               was               made               into               a               kachina."               35
               This               informant               further               identified               the               humpbacked               flute               player               as               representing               Spider               Clan,               Water               Clan,               and               Titmouse               Clan:
               This               clan,               this               religion               went               north               and               is               supposed               to               warm               up               earth.

Even               flute               playing               all               the               time               didn't               help,               and               those               people               had               to               turn               back,               and               when               they               get               to               Oraibi               they               put               this               religion               up.

Those               people               had               lots               of               songs               to               make               country               warm.

These               clans,               Patkimyam               (Water               Clan)               and               Kokohyam               (Titmouse               Clan)               have               flutes.

36
               This               information               brings               to               light               the               possibility               that               Kokopelli               was               an               actual               person               who               then               became               a               deity.
               As               state               previously,               Kokopelli               is               often               depicted               in               the               presence               of,               or               in               the               form               of               anthropomorphs.

In               addition               to               being               symbolic               of               a               rain               or               fertility               god,               other               paintings               show               him               as               a               possible               hunting               god.

At               Mesa               Verde,               a               modified               great               kiva               shows               several               phallic               humpbacked               hunters,               one               of               whom               is               wearing               a               headdress               of               mountain               sheep               horns.37               In               Galisteo               Basin               near               southern               Tewa               pueblo               ruins,               an               impressive               petroglyph               of               a               phallic               flute-playing               rabbit               appears               (Pueblo               IV).

Near               it,               several               more               insectiform               and               zoomorphic               flute               player               depictions               occur.

(See               Figure               8)               Northwest               of               Santa               Fe,               New               Mexico,               in               the               Jemez               Mountains,               a               "dancing"               Kokopelli               faces               a               figure               carrying               a               war               club               and               threatening               an               Arrow-Swallower               figure.

Another               Kokopelli               figure               at               the               site               is               shown               next               to               a               pregnant               deer               image.38               (See               Figure               9)               At               a               site               along               the               San               Juan               River,               a               flute               player               is               attached               at               the               head               by               a               long               wavy               line               to               the               tail               of               a               bighorn               sheep.39               This               may               symbolize               Kokopelli's               ability               to               lure               animals               with               his               flute,               in               Pied               Piper               fashion.

(See               Figure               5)               He               is               often               depicted               as               part               man,               part               animal,               mostly               with               a               human               body               and               a               zoomorphic               head.

His               head               may               appear               as               that               of               a               complete               bird,               to               possibly               signify               the               whistling               of               the               flute               he               carries.

The               Navajo               supernatural,               Ghanaskidi               is               a               humpbacked               go,               or               ye'i,               who               represents               a               god               of               harvest,               plenty,               and               mist.

He               wears               horns,               and               often               has               a               humped               back               with               feathers               radiating               from               it.

He               is               equated               with               the               mountain               sheep,               a               valued               game               animal.

Ghanaskidi               is               not               depicted               as               being               phallic.40               The               Hohokam,               not               noted               for               their               rock               art               images               of               Kokopelli,               depict               an               unusual               humpbacked               figure               playing               the               flute.

On               the               flute               is               an               animal,               which               may               be               a               game               animal.41
               On               pottery               of               the               ancient               Pueblos,               Kokopelli's               figure               abounds.

As               noted               previously,               Hohokam               did               not               depict               Kokopelli               figures               in               rock               art               very               often.

Rather,               they               limited               the               image               to               their               pottery.

They               usually               portrayed               the               flute               player               alone               or               in               decorative               rows               of               identical               figures,               with               three               to               eight               backward-directed               head               appendages.

The               Gila               Butted               phase               (A.D.

750-A.D.

850)               is               about               the               earliest               in               which               the               flute               player               appears               on               their               pottery.42               A               collection               of               twenty-eight               sherds               of               Hohokam               pottery               from               Snaketown               shows               the               flute               player               figure.

He               is               almost               never               phallic               and               is               often               portrayed               with               a               hump.

Other               cultures               depict               Kokopelli               in               their               pottery,               as               well.

During               the               Pueblo               I               period,               a               black               and               white               bowl               from               Mesa               Verde               shows               a               non-phallic               humpbacked               flute               player               with               a               non-phallic               humpbacked               archer.

The               interior               of               the               bowl               is               rimmed               with               a               row               of               ducks.

A               black               on               white               Anasazi               bowl               from               the               Dolores               River               drainage               in               southern               Colorado               depicts               the               flute               player               with               a               female               figure,               denoting               the               fertility               context.

The               interior               design               of               a               Siyatki               Polychrome               bowl               (Pueblo               IV)               from               Awatovi,               portrays               a               phallic,               seated               figure               carrying               a               small               rider               piggy-back,               and               carrying               an               indeterminate               object.

The               object               may               be               a               feathered               stick               or               planting               stick,               or               a               dance               wand.

The               opposite               side               of               the               bowl               shows               a               female               figure               with               arms               and               legs               spread.43               (See               Figure               6)               It               is               evident               that               when               most               cultures               began               depicting               the               Kokopelli               figure               in               rock               art,               they               later               followed               up               by               using               it               in               their               ceramics.

The               different               renderings               of               Kokopelli               on               ceramics               are               as               diverse               in               content               and               context               as               they               are               in               rock               art.
               Ceremonies               in               which               Kokopelli               is               represented               tend               to               be               quite               earthy               among               the               Pueblos.

Among               the               Hopi,               the               dance               rituals               previously               were               considered               too               lewd               for               Anglo               society.

During               Spring               dance               rituals               in               the               past,               Kokopelli               impersonators               displayed               their               genitals,               but               that               has               evolved               into               a               costume               involving               an               exaggerated               false               penis               made               from               a               gourd.

Impersonators               did               not               carry               a               flute,               but               masks               worn               by               them               had               snouts               so               long               as               to               resemble               a               nose               whistle.

The               impersonator               has               a               hump               or               wears               a               bog               on               his               back,               and               probably               carries               a               stick               or               rattle.

During               the               ritual,               he               chases               females,               simulating               copulation.

Because               reproduction               and               fertility               are               the               core               of               Hopi               beliefs,               they               do               not               look               upon               this               kind               of               sexual               manifestation               as               lewd.

Birth               and               sex               are               facts               of               life.44               In               Zuni,               kachinas               exist               that               resemble               the               Hopi's               Kokopelli               kachina.

They               have               a               ceremony               which               involves               a               phallic               kachina               minus               a               hump,               called               "Ololowishkya."               Another               figure               is               called               "Owiwi,"               and               does               have               a               hump,               or               carries               a               pack               of               fetishes               on               his               back.

One               ceremony               involving               Ololowishkya               centers               around               the               grinding               of               corn,               men               dressing               as               females,               flute               playing               and               rain               dancing.

Ololowishkya               has               a               gourd               phallus               and               urinates               in               six               directions.

This               ceremony               is               important               to               the               males               of               Zuni,               because               they               believe               it               helps               with               reproduction.45               Both               Hopi               and               Zuni               have               revised               their               publicly               viewed               ceremonies               to               better               accommodate               Anglo               distaste               for               what               they               consider               lewd               and               vulgar               displays.
               Although               no               one               is               quite               sure               how               the               famous               Kokopelli               came               to               be,               we               can               be               sure               that               his               image               is               quite               fascinating               to               behold.

I               am               of               the               opinion               that               the               kachina               of               Kokopelli               probably               started               with               the               Aztec               pochtecas               and               evolved               from               a               simple               trader               into               a               multi-faceted               deity.

More               than               likely,               a               number               of               different               elements               and               persons               contributed               to               the               myth,               which               the               pueblos               Indians               built               on.

As               is               noted               earlier,               Kokopelli               figures               were               first               created               without               the               hump,               then               around               A.D.

1000,               around               the               time               that               Mesoamerican               trade               began               with               the               Southwest,               humpbacked               figures               appear.

Whether               one               of               these               traders               or               local               villagers               suffered               from               Pott's               disease               remains               a               mystery,               but               drawings               and               legends               show               evidence               that               this               person               definitely               was               not               normal.

A               universal               trickster,               fertility               god,               hunting               god,               trader,               Kokopelli               is               an               enigma.

His               true               identity               may               never               be               found,               but               with               continuing               research,               archaeologists               may               come               to               understand               his               origins               more               clearly.
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Tate.

Colorado               Archaeological               Society               Memoir               (Denver               Museum               of               Natural               History,               1989)               Miller,               Jay.

"Kokopelli."               Collected               Papers               in               Honor               of               Florence               Hawley               Ellis.

Edited               by               T.R.

Frisbie.

Archaeological               Society               of               New               Mexico               Papers,               1975               Wellmann,               Klaus               F.

"Kokopelli               of               Indian               Paleology:               Hunchbacked               Rain               Priest,               Hunting               Magician,               and               Don               Juan               of               the               Old               West."Journal               of               the               American               Medical               Association,1970               Linne',               S.

"Humpbacks               of               Ancient               America."               Ethnos,               1943               Shuler,               Linda               Lay.

She               Who               Remembers.

New               York:               Penguin               Books,               1988               Hedrick,               Basil               Calvin.

MesoAmerican               Southwest.

Carbondale,               Southern               Illinois               University               Press,               1974               Webb,               G.B.

"Tuberculosis."Clio               Medica.

Edited               by               E.G.

Krumbhaar.

New               York:               Paul               B.

Hoeber,               Inc.,               1936               Morse,               D.

"Prehistoric               Tuberculosis               in               America."               American               Review               on               Respiratory               Disorders,               1961               Malotiki,               Ekkardt.

The               Bedbugs'               Night               Dance               and               Other               Hopi               Sexual               Tales.

Parsons,               Elsie               Clews.

"The               Humpbacked               Fluteplayer               of               the               Southwest."               American               Anthropologist.

1938               Young,               J.V.

Kokopelli:               Casanova               of               the               Cliff               Dwellers.

Palmer               Lake,               CO:               Filter               Press,               1990               Patterson-Rudolph,               Carol.

Petroglyphs               and               Pueblo               Myths               of               the               Rio               Grande.

Albuquerque,               NM:               Avanyu               Publishing,               Inc.,               1990               Terrell,               John               Upton.

American               Indian               Almanac.

New               York.

Barnes               and               Noble,               Inc.,               1994               Fewkes,               Jesse               Walter.

"Hopi               Kachinas               Drawn               by               Native               Artists."               U.S.

Bureau               of               American               Ethnology,               Twenty               First               Annual               Report               for               the               Years               1899-1901.,               1903               Turner,               Christy               G.,               II.

"Petroglyphs               of               the               Glen               Canyon               Region."               Museum               of               Northern               Arizona               Bulletin               (Glen               Canyon               Series               4)               Flagstaff,               AZ.,               1963               Alpert,               Joyce               M.

"Kokopelli:               A               New               Look               at               the               Humpbacked               Flute               Player               in               Anasazi               Rock               Art."               American               Indian               Art               Magazine.

Winter               1991               Young,               M.

Jane.

Signs               from               the               Ancestors.

Albuquerque:               University               of               New               Mexico               Press,               1988               Footnotes               Slifer               and               Duffield,               pg.

4               Schaafsma,               pg.

136               Grant,               pg.

60               Slifer               and               Duffield,               pg.

4               Cole,               pg.

3               Ibid.,               pg.

6               Miller,               pg.

2               Slifer               and               Duffield,               pg.

126               Grant,               pg.

60               Wellmann,               pg.

212               Linne',               pg.

8               Shuler,               pg.

Hedrick,               pg.

25               Webb,               pg.

32               Morse,               pg.

84               Malotki,               pg.

37,               41               Ibid,               pg.

185               Slifer               and               Duffield.,               pg.

52               Wellman.,               pg               214               Grant,               pg.

40               Parson,               pg.

40,               Schaafsma,               pg.

140               Wellmann,               pg.

212               Parsons,               pg.

40               Young,               pg.

140               Slifer               and               Duffield,               pg.

42               Ibid.,               pg.

49               Patterson-Rudolph,               pg.

43-49               Ibid.,               pg.

47               Wellmann,               Parsons               Terrell,               pg.

49               Ibid.,               pg.

52               Ibid.,               pg.

53               Ibid.,               pg               54               Fewkes,               pg.

25               Turner,               pg.

38               Ibid.,               pg               38               Schaafsma,               pg.

141               Slifer               and               Duffield,               pg.

44,               55               Ibid.,               pg.

86               Schaafsma,               pg.

317               Slifer               and               Duffield,               pg.

106               Ibid.,               pg               113               Ibid.,               pg.

110               Alpert,               pg.

20               Young,               pg.

141               





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